Backgrounds: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the 2^nd utmost global prevalent male cancer and major cancer in economically developed countries. Environmental factors and person having genetic polymorphism might have a function in prediction and consequently treatment strategies for a particular disease in a particular or a group of patients. This emerging approach has the potential to improve prediction of susceptibility to prostate cancer and disease progression, thereby minimizing the development of metastatic disease and allowing the ability to tailor therapeutic intervention. Objective: The present study aimed to examine whether the prostate cancer, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients have distinctive IL-18 and capsase 9 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that could have an effect on disease susceptibility. Material and Methods: A case control study has been steered to attain this goal which is based on three groups include 50 patients with PCa (group 1), 50 patients with BHP (group 2) and 50 healthy (non BHP & non prostate) volunteers (group 3, control). Patients were under observation in the Thi Qar Oncology Center from the period of January 2018 till February 2019. Moreover, the supervision of specialists of oncology was also incorporated in this research. For the extraction of DNA, 2mL blood was directly collected to the EDTA comprising sterile tube. Then, amplification refractory mutation-PCR system (ARMS-PCR) technique is used to study interleukin-18 (IL-18) and caspase 9 polymorphism. Results: there was no significant difference among the BHP patient’s mean age and patients with prostatic cancer (P=0.093; 60.04±10.47 vs. 63.04±8.35 years, respectively); however, patients in both BPH and cancer groups were found to be significantly older as compared to the subjects of control group (P<0.001). IL-18 genotypes homozygous CC and heterozygous GC genotypes were significantly more frequent in patients with prostatic carcinoma in comparison with control group (P=0.002) and in comparison with BPH group (P=0.030). Caspase genotypes homozygous GG and heterozygous AG genotypes were significantly more frequent in patients with prostatic carcinoma in comparison with control group (P=0.003) and in comparison with BPH group (P=0.018); however, there was no significant difference in caspase 9 genotype frequency distribution between control and BPH groups (P=0.842). Conclusions: We can speculate that population who have AC, CC genotype for IL-18, and AG, GG genotype for caspase 9 could be at risk for malignant tumor formation, and this could emerging an approach which has the potential to improve prediction of susceptibility to prostate cancer and disease progression.

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